Journal Title : Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Language : Indonesia and English e-ISSN : 2828-4984 p-ISSN : 2828-4992 Frequency : 6 issues per year (February, April, June, August, October and December) DOI : doi.org/10.55123/insologi Editor-in-chief : Angelia Putriana Email : jurnal.insologi@gmail.com Publisher : Yayasan Literasi Sains Indonesia Citation Analysis : Google Scholar Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi yang disingkat INSOLOGI merupakan Jurnal yang diterbitkan 6 (enam) kali dalam setahun, yaitu pada bulan Februari, April, Juni, Agustus, Oktober dan Desember oleh Yayasan Literasi Sains Indonesia. Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi merupakan jurnal yang dapat diakses secara terbuka bagi para Peneliti, Dosen dan Mahasiswa yang ingin mempublikasikan hasil penelitiannya pada bidang ilmu sains dan teknologi. Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi juga merupakan wadah informasi berupa hasil penelitian, studi kepustakaan, gagasan, aplikasi teori dan kajian analisis kritis dibidang perkembangan sains dan teknologi yang meliputi bidang ilmu pengetahuan alam (biologi, kimia, dan fisika), matematika dan statistik, perikanan/kelautan, kesehatan dan farmasetika, pertanian (agribisnis dan agroteknologi), keteknikan (teknik sipil, mesin, arsitektur, lingkungan, dan pertambangan), pengembangan/desain miniatur/rancang bangun dan bidang ilmu lainnya yang relevan dengan penelitian sains dan teknologi.
Hak cipta pada setiap artikel adalah milik penulis. Penulis mengakui bahwa INSOLOGI (Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi) sebagai publisher yang mempublikasikan pertama kali dengan lisensi Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Penulis dapat memasukan tulisan secara terpisah, mengatur distribusi non-ekskulif dari naskah yang telah terbit di jurnal ini kedalam versi yang lain, seperti: dikirim ke respository institusi penulis, publikasi kedalam buku, dan lain-lain. Dengan mengakui bahwa naskah telah terbit pertama kali pada INSOLOGI (Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi).
Pengaruh Urutan Proses Osmotik-Termal dan Teknik Pengeringan terhadap Mutu Sensoris Manisan Herbal Jahe
This study evaluated how the sequence of osmotic–thermal processing and the drying method influence the sensory quality of candied ginger slices. We designed four processing treatments (P1–P4) that differed in the order of sugar contact and heating, as well as the end-step method (drying or sugar crystallization). Twenty panelists rated color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall liking on a 1–5 hedonic scale. We assessed differences among treatments using the Friedman test (α = 0.05). We selected the best treatment using a modified De Garmo effectiveness index with weighted sensory parameters. The results showed significant treatment effects across all main sensory attributes. P4 consistently achieved the highest acceptance scores and demonstrated a more favorable profile in derived attributes noted by panelists, including a more uniform appearance, a more pleasant aroma, a better-balanced taste, and a more acceptable bite. Consequently, P4 produced the highest total effectiveness score in the De Garmo selection. These findings indicate that optimizing the osmotic thermal sequence particularly when finalized through controlled crystallization can enhance consumer acceptance and support more consistent product quality for small-scale to semi-commercial production.
Copyright (c) 2026 CAHYANING UTAMI, Roisatul Ainiyah, Senja Ike Rismawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Optimasi Manajemen Termal dan Efisiensi Konsumsi Bahan Bakar pada Transportasi Muatan Asphalt 60/70: Studi Kasus MT LG Asphalt 2
This study analyses the operational strategy for controlling the temperature of asphalt 60/70 cargo on the asphalt tanker MT LG Asphalt 2 during an eight-day voyage from Sungai Udang (Melaka) to Anggrek (Gorontalo Utara). Temperature control is critical to maintain cargo pumpability, product quality, energy efficiency, and operational safety. The research adopts a single case study with a descriptive–quantitative approach. Cargo temperature data were collected every 24 hours and combined with boiler operation records to formulate four basic heating actions (no heating, one boiler, two boilers 24 h, two boilers 48 h). These actions were then arranged into eleven heating strategies for an eight-day voyage. For each strategy, the final average cargo temperature and total fuel consumption (LSMGO/LSMFO) were calculated and compared with the voyage instruction requirement of 135–140 °C at discharge. The results show that no heating causes a temperature drop of about 3 °C/day, whereas continuous operation of two boilers is energy intensive. Among the eleven models, Strategy No. 11 (A–0–C–A–C–0–A–A) is the most optimal, achieving a final temperature of about 140 °C with moderate fuel use. The study recommends an intermittent, data-driven heating pattern as a practical basis for standard operating procedures on asphalt tankers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahman Raising, Rusnaedi, Ratnawati Raising, Sudarman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Penilaian Risiko Menggunakan Metode Hazard Identification Risk Assesment and Determining Control (HIRADC) pada Petugas di IGD & IPLS RSUD Meuraxa Tahun 2025
The hospital work environment, particularly the Emergency Department (ER) and the Sanitation Waste Management Department (IPLS), has various potential hazards that can threaten the safety of staff. This study aims to identify potential hazards, assess risk levels, and determine occupational risk controls using the HIRADC method at Meuraxa Regional General Hospital. This quantitative study with a descriptive observational approach used a facility observation checklist and semi-structured interviews with staff. Data collection was conducted from June 1–16, 2025, through observation, documentation, and interviews. Risk analysis was based on likelihood and severity, then classified into low, medium, and high risks. The results showed a higher risk of infectious diseases among ER staff (57.1%) compared to ER staff (28.6%). In the ER, moderate–high risks were found in unfastened oxygen cylinders, dusty defibrillators, dirty suction pumps and HFNCs, and portable X-rays without radiation protection. Dominant risks included needlesticks, infection exposure, ampule injuries, limited PPE, noise, aggressive patients, and confined spaces. At the IPLS, high risks are found in the electrical panels and water pumps, and moderate risks are found in the filters and storage areas. The HIRADC method is considered effective and needs to be supported by strengthened controls, OHS training, and strict SOPs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fikri Taufiqurrahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sistem Informasi Monitoring Program Kerja pada Desa Gelumpang Pirak Menggunakan Metode Activity Based Budgeting
Gelumpang Pirak Village has various work programs covering infrastructure development, public services, and economic empowerment funded through the village budget. However, the monitoring and budget management processes are still carried out semi-manually, resulting in reporting delays, limited transparency, and suboptimal allocation of funds based on actual activity needs. This study aims to design and develop a web-based work program monitoring information system integrated with the Activity Based Budgeting (ABB) method. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D), while the system development applies the Waterfall model consisting of requirement analysis, system design, implementation, testing, and maintenance stages. The implementation of the ABB method enables budget allocation based on activities, allowing each cost component to be traced in a more detailed and measurable manner. The system was developed using the PHP programming language and MySQL database, featuring program management, activity and resource recording, budget realization monitoring, comparative reports of budget and realization, and a public dashboard. The implementation results indicate that the system is able to automatically and in real-time detect budget variances and accelerate the monitoring and reporting process by approximately 60% compared to the previous manual method. Functional testing using Black Box Testing shows a validity level of 100% across all test scenarios. Therefore, the developed system is not only technically feasible but also effective in improving efficiency, transparency, and accountability in managing village work programs and budgets.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ikbal Hakim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hubungan Konsumsi Sugar Sweetened Beverages (SSB) dengan Nutrient Density pada Siswa SMA di Surakarta
Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) among adolescents is increasing and has the potential to affect the quality of nutritional intake. This study aims to determine the relationship between SSB consumption habits and nutrient density values among public high school students in the city of Surakarta. This study is an observational analytical study with a cross-sectional design. The sample size in this study was 274 students selected using simple random sampling. Primary data were collected using a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to describe SSB consumption frequency during the past month. Data were also obtained through a 24-hour food recall interview method over three non-consecutive days, consisting of two school days and one weekend day, to describe the respondents' daily food intake. Nutritional intake data were analyzed using NutriSurvey software and the Indonesian Food Consumption Table (TKPI), then used to calculate nutrient density values using the Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF 9.3) method. Data analysis was performed univariately to describe the distribution of research variables and bivariately using the Spearman's rank correlation test. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between SSB consumption and nutrient density (p = 0.012) with a correlation coefficient of p = -0.151, indicating a very weak relationship. These findings indicate that increased SSB consumption tends to be associated with a decline in the quality of dietary intake among adolescents. Therefore, nutrition education and increased awareness in choosing healthier beverages are needed to support improvements in the quality of nutritional intake among adolescents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nasva Fadila Eltari Putri, Dyah Intan Puspitasari, Endang Nur Widiyaningsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dampak Green Strategy dan Green Innovation terhadap Performance Sustainability dengan Dimoderasi oleh Digital Transformation pada Perusahaan Manufaktur
This qualitative research aims to analyze the role of green strategy and green innovation in improving sustainability performance, and to reveal how digital transformation affects this relationship in the context of modern business competition so that it can be a guide for managers in making strategic decisions to determine investments and their types. Data collection techniques were carried out systematically through qualitative techniques which included literature studies and documentation. The existing literature has not adequately integrated sustainability strategies with digital transformation as a determinant of green strategy effectiveness. The novelty of this research is that most studies only examine the direct or mediating effects of digital transformation, whereas this study examines its moderating effects. Based on the research results, all 4 hypotheses can be accepted, namely green strategy has a positive effect on green innovation, green innovation has a positive effect on sustainability performance, green strategy has a positive effect on sustainability performance, green strategy has a positive effect on sustainability performance and green strategy has a positive effect on sustainability performance with the moderating effect of digital transformation. The implementation of the right green strategy will facilitate the implementation of green innovation and contribute to sustainable development goals as well as promote environmentally responsible businesses in the global market by adopting digital transformation to address environmental issues, respond to consumer demands, save costs and comply with government regulations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Erna Kurniawati, willy arafah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Kandungan Total Lemak pada Food Replacement (X) dan Fermentasi Akar Teratai (Nelumbo nucifera)
This research relies on the analysis of fat content from the food replacement product (x) and lotus root (nelumbo nucifera) fermentation by utilizing the Soxhlet method. The experiment was conducted by extraction using n-hexane solvent for six hours. The fat content was determined based on the difference in weight after extraction. The findings showed that the fat content in the food replacement product (x) reached 63.60%, while in the lotus root fermentation it was 89.19%. These high numbers are influenced by the composition of the ingredients used, the effectiveness of nonpolar solvents, as well as changes in the matrix structure due to fermentation which increases lipid accessibility. The fermentation process, which lasted for 22 days, enhances enzymatic effectiveness that damages cell walls, thereby facilitating the extraction of lipophilic compounds. The results of this study indicate that fermentation can increase the measurement of fat in plant-based food materials, but the figures obtained reflect the fat that was successfully extracted, not pure fat. According to regulations in Indonesia, there is not yet a maximum limit for fat content in foods for special nutritional needs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cut Rahil Sofia, Roy Indrianto Bangar, Erida Novriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Penerapan Metode Rapid Application Development (RAD) dalam Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Identitas Tanah (SIDENTAH)
Land identity data management at the village level often faces obstacles in terms of access speed, document security, and data accuracy due to the conventional archiving system. This study aims to design and build a web-based Land Identity Information System (SIDENTAH) in Mangunarga Village, Cimanggung District, Sumedang Regency. The system development method used is Rapid Application Development (RAD), which was chosen because of its ability to accelerate the development cycle through the stages of requirements planning, user design, construction, and cutover. The use of RAD allows the active involvement of village officials in the prototyping process so that the resulting system is in accordance with operational needs in the field. The results of the study indicate that SIDENTAH is able to integrate land data into a centralized digital database, simplify the process of searching for land information, and minimize the risk of losing physical documents. Based on User Acceptance Testing by village government employees, the system is stated to function very well worthy of implementation to improve the efficiency of land administration in Mangunarga Village.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sekar Wulandari, Danendra Saskara, I Nyoman Arya Putra Adnyana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Struktur Komunitas dan Biomassa Ikan Target pada Terumbu Karang KKLD Misool Selatan, Papua Barat Daya
Coral reef ecosystems are among the most biodiverse marine ecosystems and play a crucial role in supporting tropical fisheries productivity and the sustainability of coastal resources. Monitoring the biomass of target fish is an important indicator for assessing ecosystem condition and the effectiveness of marine protected area management. This study aimed to analyze species richness and the biomass structure of target fish in the Food Security and Tourism Sub-Zone of the Regional Marine Conservation Area (KKLD) of South Misool, Southwest Papua. Data were collected from May 8 to 16, 2025, at 12 sites using the Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method at depths of 5 m and 12 m. The results recorded 80 species belonging to 15 families, with species richness ranging from 22 to 43 species per site. The total biomass of target fish reached 1665.62 tons/km², ranging from 24.97 to 640.03 tons/km², with the highest biomass observed at Magic Mountain and the lowest at Fyabya. Biomass distribution was strongly influenced by the presence of large-bodied and schooling species. Correlation analysis indicated no significant relationship between species richness and fish biomass (p > 0.05), suggesting that biomass is primarily driven by body size and the dominance of particular species rather than species number. Overall, the target fish community in this area is considered to be in good condition and supports sustainable coral reef ecosystem management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Frederik Rijoly, Stefanno Markus Anthony Rijoly, Kedswin Gerson Hehanussa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Uji Total Flavonoid dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Fraksi Daun Brotowali sebagai Diabetes Ulkus
Diabetic ulcers are a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by impaired wound healing due to increased oxidative stress. One therapeutic approach that can be developed is the use of medicinal plants with antioxidant activity, such as Tinospora crispa leaves (Tinospora crispa), which contain flavonoids. This study aimed to determine the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Tinospora crispa leaf fractions. Extraction was carried out using 96% ethanol, followed by fractionation using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. Flavonoid content was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry using quercetin as a standard at a wavelength of 430.5 nm, while antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH method. The results showed that the Tinospora crispa leaf aqueous fraction contained flavonoids of 0.2179 mg QE/g, with a linear calibration curve (R² = 0.997). Furthermore, the aqueous fraction demonstrated very strong antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of ±16 µg/mL. Based on these results, the water fraction of brotowali leaves has the potential to be a source of natural antioxidants that can support the healing of diabetic ulcers by suppressing oxidative stress.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jhon Evan Iskandar Manullang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efektivitas Towel Curl dan Core Stability terhadap Keseimbangan Dinamis pada Anak Flat foot: Sebuah Kajian SLR
Flat foot is a condition characterized by a reduction in the medial longitudinal arch that can affect dynamic balance. This condition has the potential to cause postural disturbances, reduced physical activity capacity, and an increased risk of future injury. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of towel curl exercises and core stability exercises in improving dynamic balance in children with Flat foot using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. The methods used adhere to the PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was conducted via Google Scholar and Scopus covering the publication years 2020–2025, resulting in 4 articles meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The analysis revealed that both interventions—towel curl exercises and core stability exercises have a significant effect on improving intrinsic foot muscle strength, postural stability, and dynamic balance in children with Flat foot. The combination of both exercises yielded more optimal results compared to single exercises because it involves synergy between the leg muscles and the core muscles. Thus, it can be concluded that towel curl and core stability exercises are effective in improving dynamic balance in children with Flat foot.
Copyright (c) 2026 Devina Alifya Ramadhanti, Pipin Suparmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pengembangan Formula Berbasis Bahan Pangan Lokal sebagai Alternatif PMT Balita Stunting (Kacang Merah dan Umbi Talas)
The prevalence of malnutrition in Central Java in 2022 was 5.3%, which is considered serious. One effort to address malnutrition is the provision of calorie-dense supplementary foods based on local foods such as baked brownies. The purpose of this study was to develop a special diet formula based on red beans and taro tubers. This study was an experimental study with a completely randomized design (CRD) with three formulas (F375, F629, and F814). The results showed that the water content test of the baked brownie formula met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) (<40%). The color test of each formula for indicator "l" tended to be bright, indicator "a" tended to be red, and for indicator "b" tended to be yellow. Organoleptic analysis was performed using Kruskal Wallis with a p-value of 0.497 for color; p-value of 0.271 for aroma; p-value of 0.619 for taste; p-value of 0.174 for texture; and p-value of 0.485 for overall). There was no difference in organoleptic terms, but there was a tendency for preference. The development of the baked brownie formula that was most preferred by the panelists was F629 with a ratio of 35 grams of red beans and 70 grams of taro tubers
Copyright (c) 2026 Angelina Agustin Ika Nur 'Aini, Fila Rachmad Ramadhan, Farida Nur Isnaeni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pemahaman Pemeriksaan Payudara Sendiri (SADARI) sebagai Upaya Preventif Kanker Payudara pada Remaja Putri
Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is a preventive measure that can be done independently and effectively, especially during adolescence, recommended for women starting at the age of 16-17, to be done independently at home every month. For women who are still menstruating, the examination is done every 7th to 10th day, counted from the first day of menstruation, or monthly on the same date for those who are already menopausal. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge of adolescent girls about BSE as a preventive effort for breast cancer. The type of research used in this study is qualitative research with a descriptive design. The population in this study is all students from grade X to XII at SMA Cor Jesu Larat, with informants consisting of healthcare workers, parents, and 8 adolescent female students. The results of this study also explain how the knowledge and attitudes of adolescent female students, the role of health workers, and the role of parents relate to (SADARI) as a preventive effort for breast cancer. This sufficient knowledge shows that even though most students are already aware of self-breast examination (SADARI), there is still a need to increase education to encourage the practice of regular examinations 4 times a year. It can be concluded that adolescent girls' knowledge about SADARI is considered sufficient. Therefore, it is recommended that schools and health workers provide regular counseling to raise awareness and preventive actions against breast cancer from an early age.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adriana Sainafat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hubungan Ketahanan Pangan Keluarga dengan Status Gizi Balita di Kecamatan Selo, Boyolali
Household food security serves as a fundamental determinant of child nutritional outcomes, with under-five children being particularly susceptible to growth impairment due to inadequate dietary intake. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between household food security and the nutritional status of children residing in Selo Subdistrict, Boyolali Regency, an upland agrarian area with horticultural production dominance classified under disaster-risk zone (KRB III). A total of 108 households were recruited through proportional random sampling. Food security was evaluated using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), while nutritional status was assessed based on height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) according to WHO and Indonesian Miniktry of Health standards. Chi-square analysis was applied for bivariate testing. Findings revealed that 51.9% of participating households were food insecure and 48.1% of children exhibited stunted growth. A statistically significant relationship was identified between household food security status and stunting incidence (p = 0.002; OR = 3.431; 95% CI: 1.553–7.581), indicating a substantially elevated stunting risk among children from food-insecure households compared to their food-secure counterparts. These findings underscore that food insecurity in mountainous agricultural settings is not solely a matter of food availability, but critically involves constrained access to high-quality, diverse foods—particularly animal-sourced proteins. Consequently, efforts to address stunting must prioritize improvements in dietary quality and variety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Resthu Kirana, Luluk Lia Rakhma, Pramudya Kurnia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Penerapan Sistem Forecasting untuk Optimasi Ketersediaan Obat pada Klinik Pertamina Menggunakan Metode Single Moving Average
Ineffective drug inventory management may result in overstock and stock shortages that disrupt healthcare services and reduce operational efficiency. This issue was identified at Klinik Pertamina, particularly in managing Lansoprazole stock, which demonstrates fluctuating demand patterns across periods. This study aims to design and implement a web-based drug forecasting system using the Single Moving Average (SMA) method to support accurate and data-driven procurement planning. The system was developed following the Waterfall model, consisting of requirement analysis, system design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Forecasting accuracy was evaluated using Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and Mean Squared Error (MSE) as quantitative error indicators. Based on nine forecasting periods, the system produced a MAD value of 291 and an MSE value of 146,184. These results indicate that the SMA method with parameter N = 3 is capable of generating relatively stable predictions despite significant demand fluctuations in certain periods. The novelty of this research lies in integrating the SMA method into a web-based information system that automatically computes forecasting results and error metrics to support practical decision-making. Therefore, the proposed system contributes to improving inventory control, minimizing stock-related risks, and enhancing operational performance at Klinik Pertamina.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Rafli Pasha Handoko, Aninda Muliani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efektivitas Pengendalian Jaringan Wi-Fi dengan Metode Evil Limiter Linux di UKM PT Bimuda Karya Teknik
Limitations in traffic management features on ISP-provided routers are a common issue in industrial Wi-Fi networks, particularly in maintaining the stability of production network connections. The absence of bandwidth control mechanisms allows non-priority devices to consume excessive bandwidth, thereby degrading the quality of operational network services. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Evil Limiter as a software-based bandwidth management solution by utilizing the ARP redirection mechanism without requiring administrative access to the router or modifications to the network infrastructure. The research employs an experimental approach conducted on a production Wi-Fi network at PT Bimuda Karya Teknik using three testing scenarios: baseline, limiting, and blocking. Network performance is evaluated based on Quality of Service (QoS) parameters referring to the TIPHON standard, including throughput, delay, jitter, and packet loss. The results indicate that Evil Limiter is effective in controlling traffic from non-priority devices, where in the blocking scenario, target devices are completely isolated with a throughput of 0 Mbps and a packet loss of 100%, while the limiting scenario significantly reduces internet access for non-priority devices. Overall, the proposed method is proven to improve network stability for priority devices, particularly under high network load conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azzam Aziandani Hidayat, Johan Pamungkas, Alfa Yuliana Dewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayaran terhadap Kepuasan Pelanggan Jasa Kapal PT PNEP di Industri Galangan Kapal Menggunakan Metode SEM (Structural Equation Modelling)
The Indonesian maritime service industry operates within a project-based ecosystem characterized by high operational complexity and contractual performance demands, positioning service quality as a strategic determinant of customer satisfaction. This study aims to analyze the influence of administrative performance, project performance, marketing management, and price perception on customer satisfaction at PT PNEP using a Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) approach. This research employed a quantitative design with a positivistic paradigm and surveyed 96 customers who completed contracts during 2020–2022. Data were collected through structured questionnaires comprising 29 indicators measured on a five-point Likert scale and analyzed using SmartPLS version 4. The measurement model demonstrated adequate convergent and discriminant validity, with all retained indicators achieving loading factors above 0.70 and AVE values exceeding 0.50. The structural model indicated that project performance and price perception had positive and significant effects on customer satisfaction, while administrative performance and marketing management were not statistically significant. Price perception emerged as the most dominant determinant (β = 0.517; p < 0.001), and the model explained 63.1% of the variance in customer satisfaction (R² = 0.631). In conclusion, customer satisfaction in project-based maritime services is primarily driven by core value factors, particularly project performance and perceived price fairness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dei Oktavira, Asep Mohamad Noor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pengaruh Pemberian Teknik Slow Deep Breathing terhadap Penurunan Kecemasaan pada Saat Pemasangan Alat Kontrasepsi di TPMB Sudarmi Tajinan
Anxiety is frequently felt by individuals prior to contraceptive insertion because of concerns related to medical procedures. The purpose of this research was to assess the impact of a slow deep breathing method on alleviating anxiety during the contraceptive insertion process. A quasi-experimental design featuring a single group with pretest and posttest evaluations was utilized, involving 30 participants. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) was employed to evaluate anxiety levels before and after the intervention. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was applied for data analysis. The findings indicated that prior to the intervention, a majority of participants experienced mild anxiety (56. 7%) and moderate anxiety (43. 3%). Following the intervention, the majority reported no anxiety (80. 0%) and 20. 0% reported mild anxiety. Analysis of the statistics indicated p = 0. 000 (p < 0.05), which signifies a substantial effect of slow deep breathing on lowering anxiety levels during contraceptive insertion. In summary, slow deep breathing serves as an efficient non-medical relaxation method for mitigating anxiety among family planning acceptors prior to the insertion of contraceptives and can be integrated into midwifery practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zetiana Putri Finisha, Rani Safitri, Raden Maria https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Memahami Variasi Lingkungan Lokal melalui Interaksi Tanah-Air-Vegetasi di Lanskap Perkebunan Moat
This study aimed to analyze soil–water–vegetation interactions at multiple observation points within the plantation landscape surrounding Lake Moat, Indonesia. Six soil sampling points and two surface water points were selected to represent differences in micro-landscape conditions. Soil parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), temperature, and salinity, were measured in situ, while dominant vegetation species were identified as ecological indicators. The results showed consistently acidic soil conditions (pH 4.0–5.5) with clear variation in EC and TDS, separating the sampling points into two main groups (T1–T3 and T4–T6). Points with lower pH generally exhibited higher EC and TDS values, indicating differences in ion accumulation among observation points. In contrast, surface water parameters showed relatively stable conditions with near-neutral pH and narrower variation. Differences in dominant vegetation, from grasses at low-EC points to shrubs at high-EC points, further reflected ecological responses to soil chemical conditions. These findings confirm that local environmental heterogeneity is an inherent characteristic of the Moat plantation landscape and provide a basis for adaptive land management in tropical highland ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Meyla Ulfiana Botutihe, Wa Nini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Kadar Gula Total dan Kekerasan pada Produk Crackers Substitusi Tepung Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera)
Introduction: Moringa oleifera leaves are one of the local plants that contain high nutrition and have the potential to be used as a fortification ingredient for food products. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of moringa leaf flour substitution on the total sugar content and hardness of crackers as an effort to develop food based on local ingredients. Method: The experimental method was applied in this study with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) containing four treatments of moringa leaf flour substitution. Testing of total sugar content and hardness used the Nelson-Somogyi method and Texture Analyzer. Data analysis used the Kruskal Wallis test. Results: The findings showed that moringa leaf flour substitution significantly affected the total sugar content and hardness of crackers (p≤0.05). The total sugar content increased with increasing substitution from 17.23% in 0% treatment to 18.73% in 20% substitution, while the hardness value increased at 10% substitution (15.09 N) then decreased at 15% substitution (12.92 N) and 20% (10.01 N). These findings indicate that changes in flour composition affect the chemical and physical properties of the product and there is an influence between total sugar content and hardness in determining the physical quality of crackers. Conclusion: The addition of moringa leaf flour has been proven to affect the characteristics of crackers so that the material formulation needs to be optimized to produce products with good quality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Inasan Lulu Milatina, Sudrajah Warajati Kisnawaty, Aan Sofyan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pengaruh Subtitusi Tepung Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera) terhadap Kadar Zat Besi dan Vitamin C Crackers
An increase up to 50% in blood volume during pregnancy leads to a heightened demand for vitamin C and iron, which are essential for supporting erythrocyte formation and facilitating iron absorption. One plant rich in vitamins A, B, C, and bioavailable iron is Moringa leaves. Moringa leaf flour can be utilized as a substitute ingredient in various food products, including crackers. This study was conducted to examine the effect of substituting Moringa oleifera leaf flour on the iron and vitamin C content of cracker products. An experimental research design was employed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four substitution levels. Analytical methods were carried out using ICP-OES and HPLC for iron and vitamin C content. The Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test were utilized to analyze the data obtained from the study. The results indicate that the incorporation of Moringa leaf flour has a significant effect on the iron and vitamin C content of crackers (p ≤ 0.05). Iron content increased at 10% and 15% substitution levels, then decreased at 20% substitution. Vitamin C content decreased as moringa leaf flour substitution increased, from 0.44 mg at 0% substitution to 0.16 mg at 20% substitution. The decrease in vitamin C content was due to high-temperature baking, which caused damage, and exposure to oxygen during molding, triggering oxidation. The iron and vitamin C content in the cracker products was significantly influenced by the substitution of moringa leaf flour.
Copyright (c) 2026 Devina Kemala Pratidina, Sudrajah Warajati Kisnawaty, Pramudya Kurnia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pengaruh Substitusi Tepung Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera) terhadap Kadar Serat Pangan Total Produk Crackers
Nutritional issues in toddlers in Indonesia are still a focus, as evidenced by the high prevalence of malnutrition. The production of snack crackers made from Moringa oleifera leaf flour has the potential as an option to support fiber sufficiency and digestive system health in children. The present inquiry seeks to analyze the impact of Moringa leaf flour substitution on the content of total dietary fiber, water-soluble fiber, and water-insoluble fiber in cracker products. Experimental research involving four treatments of Moringa leaf flour substitution with two replications Fiber content analysis was executed using the enzymatic gravimetric method AOAC 991.43 standard and the data were subsequently analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test which was then followed by the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). There is an effect of Moringa leaf flour substitution on total dietary fiber, soluble fiber, and insoluble fiber with a p value of 0,000 (p <0.05). The content of total dietary fiber, water-soluble fiber, and water-insoluble fiber in treatment A (0%) was 4,18; 0,28; and 3,90 gr/100 gr, treatment B (10%) was 6,66; 0,50; and 6,17 gr/100 gr, treatment C (15%) was 8,21; 0,55; and 7,66 gr/100 gr, and treatment D (20%) was 10,14; 0,68; and 9,45 gr/100 gr. The 10%, 15%, and 20% formulations contain high fiber because they have more than 6 g of dietary fiber per 100 gr of product and can help meet children's daily fiber needs and support improving nutritional status in children with underweight.
Copyright (c) 2026 Afa Risda Ziana Putri, Sudrajah Warajati Kisnawaty, Pramudya Kurnia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Biomass-Derived Cellulose/HKUST-1 Composite from Purun (Lepironia articulata): Synthesis and FTIR Characterization
This study explores the fabrication of a cellulose/HKUST-1 composite derived from purun (Lepironia articulata), a wetland biomass abundant in cellulose and promising as an eco-friendly feedstock for advanced materials. HKUST‑1, a copper-based metal-organic framework known for its high porosity, suffers from reduced stability in humid environments. To address this limitation, a composite integrating purun-derived cellulose with HKUST‑1 was synthesized and subsequently characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Cellulose was isolated via alkaline delignification and peroxide bleaching with a yield of 26.68%. HKUST-1 was synthesized using a solvothermal method, producing a turquoise-blue material with a yield of 70.96%. The composite was prepared using an ex-situ method, resulting in a green-colored product with a yield of 85.90%. FTIR analysis confirmed HKUST-1 formation through the disappearance of the C=O band (~1719 cm⁻¹) and the appearance of COO⁻ bands (~1560-1600 and ~1450 cm⁻¹), along with Cu-O vibration (~725 cm⁻¹). FTIR analysis of the composite revealed the presence of diagnostic peaks attributable to both cellulose and HKUST‑1, confirming successful incorporation without compromising structural integrity. Notably, the O‑H stretching band appeared broadened and slightly shifted, indicating hydrogen-bond interactions between cellulose and HKUST-1. These results demonstrate that purun-derived cellulose is a sustainable matrix for HKUST-1 with potential in adsorption applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Unvaresi Misonia Beladona, Irvan Maulana Fiqih, Laila Zahra, Diah Panjar Arum, Achmad Ripai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pengaruh Penambahan Selulosa Kulit Nipah (Nypa fruticans) terhadap Karakteristik Smart Packaging Berbasis Pati – Kitosan
The development of environmentally friendly packaging materials with the ability to monitor food quality has become an important focus in biomass-based innovations. This study aims to develop bioplastic films based on durian seed starch–chitosan reinforced with cellulose from nipa palm husk and functionalized as smart packaging by incorporating Coleus scutellarioides (miana) extract as a natural indicator. The films were prepared using the solution casting method with varying starch-to-chitosan ratios (2:8, 4:6, 6:4, and 8:2) and cellulose additions (1 g, 3 g, and 5 g). Characterization included tensile strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus, Water Vapor Permeability (WVP), Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR), and sensitivity to meat quality. The results showed that the highest tensile strength (10.718 MPa) was obtained at the 2:8 ratio with 1 g cellulose, while the highest elongation (3.49%) was observed at the 8:2 ratio. The maximum Young’s modulus (9.40 MPa) was achieved at the 4:6 ratio with 1 g cellulose. The lowest WVP and WVTR values were found at the 6:4 ratio with 3 g cellulose, indicating improved barrier properties. The anthocyanins in miana extract exhibited a clear color response to pH changes, with prolonged storage leading to a shift toward acidic conditions. Overall, the optimal addition of cellulose enhanced mechanical and barrier properties, whereas excessive amounts led to agglomeration and reduced performance. These findings demonstrate the potential of combining durian seed starch, chitosan, cellulose, and miana extract as a biodegradable smart packaging material.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nina Hartati, Tiara Andriani, Edi Kurniawan, Herlin Sumarna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pengaruh Penambahan Variasi Fraksi Massa Serbuk Cangkang Kelapa Sawit (PKS) pada Sifat Mekanis Komposit Hibrid Fiberglass–Epoxy
The demand for renewable energy sources in Indonesia continues to rise in line with national energy transition efforts. Wind energy represents a significant but underutilized potential, yet its development is hampered by high investment costs, particularly in manufacturing wind turbine blades that rely on expensive composite materials. This research aims to identify more economical and sustainable material alternatives without compromising the necessary mechanical strength. Hybrid composites were developed by combining fiberglass and palm kernel shell (PKS) powder as reinforcement within an epoxy matrix. Variations of PKS addition were set at 12 wt.%, 20 wt.%, and 24 wt.%. Flexural test results indicated that PKS addition significantly influenced flexural strength, with the highest value (169.67 MPa) observed in specimen A3 (12 wt.% PKS) and the lowest (58.74 MPa) in specimen A1 (24 wt.% PKS). Shore D hardness testing revealed a complex trend: specimen A4 (30% fiberglass) exhibited the highest hardness, whereas specimen A2 showed the lowest. These findings underscore the importance of balancing fiberglass and PKS proportions to achieve optimal and sustainable mechanical performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vina Nanda Garjati, Vika Rizkia, Dewin Purnama, Tia Rahmiati, Amalina Shomami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pengaruh Beban Operasi terhadap Nilai Net Plant Heat Rate (NPHR) pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap
This study aims to analyze the effect of variations in operating load on the Net Plant Heat Rate (NPHR) at a 3×10 MW coal-fired power plant. The independent variables examined are the generator operating loads at 50%, 75%, and 100%, while the dependent variable is the NPHR value. The research data consists of 30 samples distributed proportionally across each load level. Data analysis was performed using a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test the significance of differences in the mean NPHR values across the operating load variations. The results indicate that variations in operating load significantly affect the NPHR value (p-value < 0.05). The highest average NPHR value was obtained at 50% load at 4160 kcal/kWh, then decreased at 75% load to 3861 kcal/kWh, and reached the lowest value at 100% load at 3625 kcal/kWh. These results indicate that an increase in operating load correlates with a decrease in the NPHR value and an increase in the plant’s thermal efficiency. Thus, operating the coal-fired power plant under conditions approaching optimal design capacity can improve fuel efficiency and support the optimization of the plant’s operational performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Herlin Sumarna, Tri Satya Ramadhoni, Gurruh Dwi Septano, Purfaji Purfaji, Toni Okviyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Tegangan dan Kegagalan Yoke Propeller Shaft Truk Angkutan Sawit Menggunakan Metode Elemen Hingga
Failure of slip yoke components in palm oil transport vehicle transmission systems is generally caused by complex and cyclic dynamic loading. This study aims to analyze stress distribution and predict failure locations using a Metode Elemen Hingga (FEM)-based approach. A three-dimensional model was developed from actual geometry with controlled simplification using AISI 4140 material. Mesh convergence and quality evaluation were conducted to ensure numerical reliability. The results show that maximum stress increases with load, reaching 196.14 MPa, 294.38 MPa, 392,40 MPa, and 490.52 MPa for loads of 4, 6, 8, and 10 tons, respectively. At 10 tons, the stress exceeds the material yield strength (415 MPa), indicating plastic deformation. Stress concentration occurs at the critical section (C–C) due to geometric discontinuities and combined loading, consistent with observed failure locations. Comparison with analytical results shows less than 1% deviation, confirming model accuracy. This study demonstrates that FEM effectively predicts stress distribution and failure mechanisms, providing a basis for design optimization and maintenance strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tri Satya Ramadhoni, Herlin Sumarna, Toni Okviyanto, Purfaji Purfaji, Rachmat Dwi Sampurno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Penentuan Konsentrasi Parasetamol Menggunakan Sensor Elektrokimia Platina (Pt) dengan Teknik Voltametri Siklik
The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of paracetamol in tablet formulations using cyclic voltammetry, with a platinum electrode serving as both the working electrode (WE) and the counter electrode (CE), and Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode (RE). Cyclic voltammetry measurements for paracetamol analysis were carried out within a potential range of 0 to 1.5 V with a constant scan rate of 100 mV/s and 0.1 M H₂SO₄ as the electrolyte. The resulting voltammogram profile showed a clear and sharp anodic peak in the potential range of approximately 0.6–1.4 V, indicating the oxidation of the phenolic group present in the paracetamol (C₈H₉NO₂) forming N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) via an electron transfer mechanism on the surface of the platinum working electrode, which functions as the detection sensor. A standard calibration curve was constructed based on the relationship between the concentration of the paracetamol standard solution and the anodic peak current (IA). The linear regression equation obtained is y = 2 × 10-7x + 3 × 10-6. Substituting the sample anode current value into this equation and taking into account a dilution factor of 5, the sample concentration is found to be 1950 ppm. Taking into account the sample volume of 25 mL, sample mass of 500 mg, and tablet mass of 4000 mg, the concentration of paracetamol in a single tablet is calculated to be 390 ppm (equivalent to 390 mg/L).
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Hermayantiningsih, Zahrotun Nafisah, Remi Ayu Pratika https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Komparatif Sensitivitas Metode Mekanistik-Empiris dan Empiris dalam Penentuan Ketebalan Perkerasan Kaku Lalu Lintas Berat
This study analyzes the design of rigid pavement thickness on the Dawarblandong road segment using four planning methods: MDPJ 2024, MDPJ 2017, Pd T-14-2003, and AASHTO 1993. Traffic load data and subgrade soil conditions were used to calculate the concrete slab thickness and foundation layers according to each method’s procedure. The results show that the MDPJ 2024 and MDPJ 2017 methods yield concrete slab thicknesses of approximately 305–310 mm using a mechanistic-empirical approach and cumulative traffic load values, while the Pd T-14-2003 and AASHTO 1993 methods produce thinner slabs of 175 mm and 210 mm, respectively, using simpler empirical approaches. These differences indicate that methods incorporating mechanistic analysis of fatigue and erosion damage provide more conservative and safer designs. Reinforcement configuration and slab dimensions are relatively consistent across all methods, though foundation layer thickness and damage control differ. The findings can serve as a reference for selecting concrete pavement design methods that align with traffic conditions and structural safety requirements. Further research is recommended to evaluate field performance and develop integrated design methods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irvan Efendi, Kurnia Hadi Putra, Ratih Sekartadji, Theresia Maria C.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Kajian Kinerja Simpang Tak Bersinyal di Kawasan Universitas Iskandar Muda Berdasarkan Karakteristik Arus Lalu Lintas
Unsignalized intersections often become critical points of traffic problems due to increasing traffic volume that is not balanced with intersection capacity, resulting in delays, queues, and potential conflicts, especially during peak hours. This condition also occurs at the Unida Intersection (Universitas Iskandarmuda) in Banda Aceh, which serves traffic movements from campus areas, residential zones, and surrounding commercial activities. This study aims to analyze traffic flow characteristics and intersection performance using the Indonesian Highway Capacity Guidelines (PKJI 2023). The data used include traffic volume and geometric conditions of the intersection, which are then analyzed based on parameters such as capacity, degree of saturation, delay, queue probability, and level of service. The results show that the highest traffic volume occurs during the afternoon peak hour, reaching 1,089 pcu/hour, with a degree of saturation of 0.65. The average intersection delay is 12.989 seconds per vehicle, with a queue probability ranging from 17.47% to 36.09%. The level of service is classified as C, indicating that traffic flow remains stable but begins to be affected by congestion. Overall, the intersection still operates adequately however, further evaluation is needed to anticipate future increases in traffic volume.
Copyright (c) 2026 Febrina Dian Kurniasari, Alfisyahrin Alfisyahrin, Marini Bravikawati, Tjut Rizqi Maysyarah Hadi, Michel Kasaf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Teknik Mordanting Ekstrak Kulit dan Biji Terong Belanda (Solanum betaceum Cav.) sebagai Pewarna Alami Tekstil
The peel and seeds of tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) are sources of anthocyanin pigments with potential application as natural dyes for a more environmentally friendly textile industry. The widespread use of synthetic dyes, which still dominates today, poses negative impacts on both the environment and human health. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the quality of the resulting extracts. The parameters assessed included acidity level (pH), anthocyanin content based on UV-VIS absorbance values, color characteristics, and color fastness in accordance with the SNI ISO 105-A03:2010 standard. The results showed that the duration of maceration had a significant effect on the quality of the extracts. For the peel extract, the optimal condition was obtained at pH 3, with an anthocyanin content of 65.12 mg/L, an absorbance value of 0.391, and color fastness at a scale of 4–5, which is categorized as very good. Meanwhile, the seed extract exhibited optimal results at pH 3, with an anthocyanin content of 127.07 mg/L, an absorbance value of 0.761, and color fastness at a scale of 4, which falls under the good category. Overall, these findings indicate that tamarillo peel and seeds have significant potential as a sustainable source of natural textile dyes and can serve as a safer alternative to synthetic dyes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Melantina Oktriyanti, Idha Silviyati, Nyayu Febrina Nuraini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hubungan Ketahanan Pangan Keluarga dengan Asupan Karbohidrat pada Wanita Usia Subur di Kecamatan Selo, Boyolali
Household food security is an important factor influencing nutrient intake, including carbohydrate intake as the main source of energy. This study aimed to determine the relationship between household food security and carbohydrate intake among women of reproductive age in Selo District, Boyolali. This research used an analytic observational design with a cross-sectional approach involving 108 respondents selected using simple random sampling. Household food security was measured using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), while carbohydrate intake was assessed using a Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Data were analyzed using the Spearman Rank test. The results showed that the majority of respondents were classified as food insecure (59.3%), with carbohydrate intake predominantly in the excessive (46.3%) and normal (38.9%) categories. Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between household food security and carbohydrate intake (p = 0.030) with a weak negative correlation (r = -0.209). It can be concluded that higher levels of food insecurity are associated with lower carbohydrate intake.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hilda Deliana, Luluk Ria Rakhma, Listyani Hidayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pengaruh Variasi Suhu pada Rotary Dryer terhadap Karakteristik Pengeringan Biji Kopi
The use of a rotary dryer in the coffee bean drying process offers advantages in heating homogeneity and increased contact between the material and the drying medium. This study aims to analyze the effect of variations in the rotary dryer operating temperature on the drying characteristics of coffee beans in terms of changes in mass, moisture content, and drying rate. Experimental testing was conducted using four temperature levels, namely 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C. The drying process lasted for 360 minutes with data collection intervals every 30 minutes to monitor the dynamics of moisture content reduction as a function of time. The results showed that increasing the rotary dryer operating temperature significantly accelerated the process of reducing the mass and moisture content of coffee beans. At a temperature of 70 °C, the rate of moisture reduction occurred the fastest compared to other temperature variations, while at a temperature of 40 °C the process was slower and tended to be stable. The drying rate showed a maximum value in the initial stage of drying, then decreased gradually as the moisture content in the material decreased. This phenomenon indicates a transition in the mass transfer mechanism from the dominance of free water evaporation to a slower internal moisture diffusion. Overall, temperature variations in rotary dryers significantly impact the drying dynamics of coffee beans. Determining the correct operating temperature is crucial for achieving optimal process efficiency while minimizing potential changes in material quality during drying.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rudy Sutanto, I Gede Bawa Susana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Peningkatan Efisiensi Produksi Briket Batok Kelapa Menggunakan Mesin Cetak Kapasitas 10kg
Manual production of coconut shell briquettes in small and medium-scale industries often faces limitations in productivity, product uniformity, and dependence on human labor. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency improvement of coconut shell briquette production through the use of a 10 kg-capacity briquetting machine. An experimental method was applied by comparing mechanical briquetting and manual hand-pressing using the same raw material composition, namely 7 kg of coconut shell charcoal powder, 3 kg of tapioca starch adhesive, and 1 liter of water as a mixing aid. The observed parameters included production capacity, production time, physical quality score, quality consistency, and electrical energy consumption. The results showed that the machine produced 10 kg of briquettes in 1 hour, whereas the manual method produced approximately 3.3 kg per hour and required about 3 hours to reach the same production quantity. The machine increased production capacity by approximately 200% and reduced production time by approximately 67%. The physical quality score increased from 70% to 85%, while quality consistency increased from 80% to 95%. Although the machine consumed 0.5 kWh per process, the energy requirement was relatively low, equivalent to 0.05 kWh/kg of briquettes. These findings indicate that the 10 kg-capacity briquetting machine is feasible as an appropriate technology to improve productivity and product uniformity for small and medium-scale coconut shell briquette producers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baiti Hidayati, M. Rasid, Herlin Sumarna, Romli Romli, Aji Pangestu Wijaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0