Expert System for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Planning: A Scenario-Based Decision Support Framework for Two-Wheeler and Bus Fleets
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55123/insologi.v5i4.9209Keywords:
Charging Infrastructure, Decision, Electric Vehicles, Scenario Planning, Support SystemAbstract
The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) presents significant challenges in charging infrastructure planning, particularly for diverse vehicle fleets in developing regions. This study proposes an expert system-based decision support framework for EV charging infrastructure planning, specifically addressing two-wheeler and bus fleet scenarios. The framework integrates scenario-based demand characterization with rule-based inference to provide location recommendations and capacity planning decisions. Using data from Indonesian urban transportation contexts, the expert system evaluates multiple criteria including demand patterns, infrastructure availability, and energy consumption profiles. Results indicate that the proposed framework successfully identifies optimal charging locations with 87.5% accuracy compared to expert validation, while reducing planning time by approximately 40% compared to conventional methods. The system provides decision-makers with actionable recommendations for prioritizing infrastructure investments across different fleet types. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on AI-based decision support systems for sustainable transportation infrastructure, with implications for policy formulation and urban planning in developing economies.
Downloads
References
Can, C., Kılıç, F., & Kaya, Y. (2026). A Novel Expert System‐Based Optimization of Fast‐Charging Station Location Planning for Electric Buses. Expert Systems, 43(7). https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.70281
Do, B. K. L., Nguyen, T. H., Quang, N. H., Nguyen-Ngoc, D., & El Ghaoui, L. (2026). A digital twin framework for decision-support and optimization of EV charging infrastructure in localized urban systems. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2026.102422
Ecer, F., Pamucar, D., & Demir, G. (2025). Decision-analytics-based electric vehicle charging station location selection: A cutting-edge fuzzy rough framework. Energy Reports, 14, 711–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2025.06.035
Fadhil, I., & Shen, C. (2026). Global electric vehicle market monitor for light-duty vehicles, 2025. International Council on Clean Transportation, (May). https://theicct.org/publication/global-ev-market-monitor-for-ldvs-2025/
Hanif, M., & Herlambang, Y. (2026). Perancangan port charging terintegrasi untuk motor konversi: Studi kasus Yamaha Xeon 2010. Productum: Jurnal Desain Produk (Pengetahuan Dan Perancangan Produk), 9(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.24821/productum.v9i1.15746
Hardi, S., Matondang, A. A., & Rambe, A. H. (2021). Modeling of transient caused by lightning strike at Nias high voltage substation using ATP-EMTP case study. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1811(1), 012049. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1811/1/012049
He, Y., Liu, Z., & Song, Z. (2023). Joint optimization of electric bus charging infrastructure, vehicle scheduling, and charging management. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 117, 103653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.103653
Hedayatnia, A., Ghafourian, J., Sepehrzad, R., Al-Durrad, A., & Anvari-Moghaddam, A. (2024). Two-stage data-driven optimal energy management and dynamic real-time operation in networked microgrid based on a deep reinforcement learning approach. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 160, 110142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110142
Hevner, A. R., March, S. T., Park, J., & Ram, S. (2004). Design Sceince in Information Systems. MIS Quarterly, 28(1), 75–105.
Huzzat, A., Anpalagan, A., Khwaja, A. S., Woungang, I., Alnoman, A. A., & Pillai, A. S. (2025). A comprehensive review of Digital Twin technologies in smart cities. Digital Engineering, 4, 100040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dte.2025.100040
Jamaluddin, T. A. A., Syamroni, A. W., & Husnayain, F. (2025). Grid Impact of Battery Swapping Station for Electric Two-Wheelers in Indonesia. International Journal of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.62146/ijecbe.v3i3.130
Lestari, M. W., Hulu, F. N., Anugrahwaty, R., Daulay, M. S. H., Sitopu, M. W., & Matondang, A. A. (2026). Scenario-Based Charging Demand and Load Characterization for Electric Two-Wheeler Systems. Information Technology Education Journal, 391–401. https://doi.org/10.59562/intec.v5i2.13017
Matondang, A., & Ginting, A. (2022). Analisis Konsumsi Daya Listrik Pada Pt . Unilever Oleochemical Indonesia Analysis of Electric Power Consumption At Pt . Unilever Oleochemical Indonesia. Https://Ojs.Polmed.Ac.Id/Index.Php/Circuit/Issue/View/140, 5, 9–15.
Mazzei, M., & Michelotti, C. (2025). Smart Data and Decision Support System for Local Optimization of Electric Charging Stations. IEEE Access, 13(July), 124910–124931. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3586099
Nainggolan, R., Kamil, I., Matondang, A. A., Sitorus, N., Suadi, S., Sibarani, B., & Hestukoro, S. (2026). Parametric optimization of an axial wind turbine blade for a hybrid renewable energy system integrating solar PV and micro-hydro. Science, Technology, and Communication Journal, 6(3), 385–392. https://doi.org/10.59190/stc.v6i3.395
Natapathy, R. B., Satya Kumara, I. N., & Giriantari, I. A. D. (2025). Analisis Efisiensi Energi dan Konservasi Energi Sistem Pendingin Ruangan Berdasarkan UI Greenmetric, Studi Kasus Fakultas Teknik Universitas Udayana. Jurnal Sosial Teknologi, 5(10), 4140–4149. https://doi.org/10.59188/jurnalsostech.v5i10.32480
Parulian Siagian, Aprima A. Matondang, Andreas V. H. Simanjuntak, Budhi S. Kusuma, Joel Panjaitan, & Andrean V. H. Simanjuntak. (2025). Experimental of Environmental Development Using Continuous Solar Dryer With Solid Dehumidification For Coffee Drying. Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology, 10(02), 162–169. https://doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2025.10.02.21492
Purba, A. M., Napitu, D. H. S., Lestari, M. W., Simangunsong, J., Hutajulu, E., Hutabarat, N. F., & Matondang, A. A. (2026). Energy Consumption and Charging Infrastructure Analysis for Electric Bus Deployment in Urban Transportation Systems. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 12(4), 639–648. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v12i4.11221
S Suparmono, C Cholish, A Abdullah, Sinambela, H., Alda, T., Matondang, A. A., & Simanjuntak, A. V. (2025). Quantitative Assessment of Passive Load Balancing for a Designed HVAC Installation: Case study in Magnificent Hall, Deli Park. Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology, 10(3), 397–401. https://doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2025.10.3.24696
Saqib, E., & Gidófalvi, G. (2024). Dynamic Adaptive Charging Network Planning Under Deep Uncertainties. Energies, 17(21), 5378. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215378
Sitorus, N., Ginting, B. B., Panjaitan, B. P., Simanjuntak, B. E., Naibaho, P. R. P., Matondang, A. A., & Simanjuntak, A. V. H. (2025). Design and Performance Evaluation of a 200 Wp Off-Grid Solar Photovoltaic Module for Renewable Energy in Indonesia. Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology, 10(3), 408–412. https://doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2025.10.3.24981
Sitorus, N., Matondang, A. A., Elektro, J. T., Medan, P. N., Off-grid, S., & Air, P. (2026). ANALISIS KINERJA MODUL SURYA OFF-GRID 200 WP PADA BERBAGAI KONDISI IRADIASI DAN TEMPERATUR UNTUK. 7(1), 1–6.
Suprianto, Hardi, S., & Matondang, A. A. (n.d.). SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN CERDAS UNTUK MENGINTEGRASIKAN PV SURYA DAN PENGISIAN. 7(1), 64–72.
Yang, Z., Zhan, J., Wang, C., Liu, W., Wang, H., & Bai, C. (2024). Spatial spillover effects of conversion of new and old driving forces on high-quality development: Evidence from 283 cities in China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 108, 105487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105487
Yohana, W. Y., Nasution, T. I., Wahyuningsih, H., Matondang, A. A., & Margolang, A. R. (2024). Evaluation of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration in Different Circulation Systems on Water Quality in Fish Pond. Journal of Applied Geospatial Information, 8(1), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.30871/jagi.v8i1.7820
Z Zumhari, Hutajulu, E., Sibarani, B., Sirait, R., Anggriani, T., & Matondang, A. A. (2025). Advancing Environmental and Health Pollution Monitoring in Medan, Indonesia: A Mechatronics-Based Meta-Analysis. Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology, 10(3), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2025.10.3.24694
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Thea Fitri Astarani, Stephanie Christina Yolanda Pardede, Aprima Anugerah Matondang, Junaidi Junaidi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Hak cipta pada setiap artikel adalah milik penulis.
Penulis mengakui bahwa INSOLOGI (Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi) sebagai publisher yang mempublikasikan pertama kali dengan lisensi Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Penulis dapat memasukan tulisan secara terpisah, mengatur distribusi non-ekskulif dari naskah yang telah terbit di jurnal ini kedalam versi yang lain, seperti: dikirim ke respository institusi penulis, publikasi kedalam buku, dan lain-lain. Dengan mengakui bahwa naskah telah terbit pertama kali pada INSOLOGI (Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi).
