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ALLEGATIONS OF MISCONDUCT
Where Does My Concern Belong?
The table shows the policy that applies to the most common kinds of concern.
| Example of a concern | Applicable policy |
|---|---|
| Plagiarism, text recycling, fabricated or falsified data, manipulated images, fabricated references, or duplicate publication | Plagiarism and Research Integrity Policy |
| Gift, guest, or ghost authorship, and authorship disputes | Authorship and Contributorship |
| An undeclared competing interest | Conflicts of Interest |
| Undisclosed or prohibited use of generative AI | Generative AI Policies |
| Research without the required permission or consent, or a breach of the privacy of participants, including minors | Publication Ethics |
| Manipulation of peer review, or a breach of confidentiality by an editor or a reviewer | Publication Ethics and Peer Review Process |
How a Report Is Handled
| Stage | What happens |
|---|---|
| 1. Submitting a report | The reporter emails the editorial office with a clear description of the concern and supporting evidence. |
| 2. Initial assessment | The office logs the report. An editor without a conflict of interest decides whether it is in scope and detailed enough. |
| 3. Fairness and preliminary checks | The people concerned can normally respond. Evidence may be preserved first, and the matter may be referred elsewhere. |
| 4. Investigation and outcomes | An editor without a conflict of interest leads the examination, and the decision is based on evidence and proportionate. |
| 5. Confidentiality and protection | Reports are kept confidential, and good faith reporters are protected throughout. |
1. Submitting a Report
The report should include the following:
| No. | Information to include |
|---|---|
| 1 | The title or identifier of the manuscript or article. |
| 2 | A clear and specific description of the concern. |
| 3 | Supporting evidence, such as documents, data, or links to sources. |
| 4 | Any conflict of interest of the reporter, and any considerations about confidentiality. |
A report may concern authors, reviewers, editors, or journal staff and managers.
2. Initial Assessment
| Topic | What happens |
|---|---|
| Logging | The editorial office logs every report and, where contact details are available, confirms that it has been received. |
| First decision | An editor who has no conflict of interest decides whether the concern falls within the remit of the journal, whether it has enough detail, and whether the reporter should be asked for clarification. |
| Basis of assessment | A report is judged on its substance, not on the status of the reporter. |
| Anonymous reports | An anonymous report can be assessed if it is specific and supported by information that can be verified. |
| Unsupported reports | A report that is not supported may be closed. It can be reopened if new evidence becomes available. |
3. Fairness, Preliminary Checks, and Referral
| Topic | What happens |
|---|---|
| Right to respond | The people who are the subject of a specific concern can normally respond to it. Safeguards protect the process and the people involved. |
| Preliminary checks | Limited checks may be made before the parties are contacted, for example to preserve evidence or to protect research participants. |
| Pausing editorial processing | The journal may pause the editorial processing of the manuscript or article concerned while the matter is assessed. This is a precaution and not a finding. |
| Referral | A matter that is beyond the authority of the journal may be referred to the institution of the authors, to the funder, or to another competent body. |
4. Investigation and Outcomes
A closer examination is led by an editor who has no conflict of interest. That editor may consult members of the Editorial Board or independent experts. Authors and other people concerned are asked to explain their actions and, where relevant, to provide data, documents, or permissions. Decisions are based on evidence and are proportionate to the concern. The journal keeps a confidential record of the report and of the steps taken.
| Stage | Possible outcomes |
|---|---|
| Before publication |
|
| After publication |
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5. Confidentiality and Protection of People Who Raise Concerns
| Commitment | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Confidential handling | Reports are handled confidentially. Information is shared only with the people who need it to assess the concern. |
| Protection of the reporter | When a concern is raised in good faith, the identity of the reporter is protected as far as possible. |
| No retaliation | The journal does not accept retaliation against a person who raises a concern in good faith. |
| False reports | A report that is knowingly false or malicious is itself a breach of publication ethics. |
Related Policies and Enquiries
| Topic | Page |
|---|---|
| Ethical duties of authors, editors, and reviewers | Publication Ethics |
| Similarity, plagiarism, and fabrication | Plagiarism and Research Integrity Policy |
| Authorship and its disputes | Authorship and Contributorship |
| Declaring competing interests | Conflicts of Interest |
| Use of AI tools | Generative AI Policies |
| Correcting or retracting articles | Correction and Retraction |
| Comments on published articles | Post Publication Discussion |
| How manuscripts are reviewed | Peer Review Process |









