![]() |
DATA SHARING POLICY
Quick Reference
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the basis of the policy? | Data and materials are shared upon reasonable request. |
| Is a Data Availability Statement required? | Yes, for every research article. |
| Where does the statement go? | In the Acknowledgements section. |
| Must data be deposited in a repository? | No, but it is encouraged when it is ethically appropriate. |
| Can participant data be shared? | Only if it is ethically appropriate, the participants cannot be identified, and their consent allows it. |
| Is the data peer reviewed? | No. Authors are responsible for the soundness of their data. |
1. Policy Basis
| Topic | Details |
|---|---|
| Agreement of the authors | Authors who submit a manuscript agree to make the supporting data and materials available to other researchers on reasonable request. |
| What is reasonable | Authors decide what is reasonable. They consider the purpose of the request and the protection of the participants. |
| Editors | This does not limit the editors. They may ask for the data during review, or after publication when integrity concerns are examined under the Allegations of Misconduct policy. |
| Retention | Authors should keep their data for a reasonable period after publication. |
2. Data Availability Statement
The statement should say the following:
| No. | The statement should say |
|---|---|
| 1 | Whether the supporting data and materials are available. |
| 2 | Where and how they can be obtained, for example from a repository with a persistent identifier, from supplementary files, or from the corresponding author. |
| 3 | If they cannot be shared, the reason, such as the protection of participants, the conditions of their consent, or restrictions of an institution. |
Example Statements
| Case | Example wording |
|---|---|
| Available on request | The anonymized data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. |
| Deposited in a repository | The data and the instruments of this study are available in [name of repository] at [DOI or persistent link]. |
| Not available | The recordings and transcripts cannot be shared because the participants did not consent to this and could be identified. The interview guide is provided as supplementary material. |
| Included in the article | All data that support the findings of this study are included in the article. |
3. Citing Data
4. Ethical Limits and Protection of Participants
Data should be shared only when it is ethically appropriate. Sharing is not required if it would violate the protection of human participants or raise ethical, privacy, or security concerns. Authors must respect the consent of the participants. For minors, the permission of a parent or guardian, and where relevant of the institution concerned, must cover how the data are used and shared.
| Type of data | How to handle it |
|---|---|
| Survey responses, test scores, and other quantitative data | Share them in anonymized form. Remove names, identification numbers, and other direct identifiers. Check whether small groups, or a combination of details such as institution, location, and age, could identify a person. |
| Interviews, focus groups, and recordings | These are usually not shared in full. Share anonymized excerpts, the coding scheme, or the interview guide. Share recordings only with the clear consent of the participants. |
| Research instruments such as tests, questionnaires, observation sheets, rubrics, and interview guides | Sharing is encouraged as supplementary material if the authors hold the right to publish it. See the section on third party material on the Licensing page. |
| Analysis scripts and software | Sharing is encouraged, so that others can check and replicate the analyses. |
| Data about organizations, institutions, and communities | Share them only if they cannot be identified, or if they agreed to be named. |
5. Repositories and Licenses for Data
| Topic | Details |
|---|---|
| Repositories | Authors are encouraged, but not required, to deposit data that can be shared in a trusted repository that assigns a persistent identifier such as a DOI. Examples are Zenodo, the Open Science Framework, Figshare, Mendeley Data, and institutional repositories. |
| License for deposited data | Deposited data should carry a clear license that states the terms of reuse. The CC BY 4.0 license of the journal covers only the published article. It does not cover data that is held elsewhere. See the Licensing page. |
6. Information at Submission
| Item | What the author provides |
|---|---|
| Linked data set | At submission, authors state whether a data set is linked to the manuscript. |
| Identifier | If a data set is linked, the author gives a DOI, a preregistered DOI, a hyperlink, or another persistent identifier. It goes in the comments for the editor and in the Data Availability Statement. |
| Preregistered deposits | An author who gives a preregistered DOI must be ready to provide the reviewer URL on request. |
| Supplementary files | Supplementary files are uploaded together with the manuscript. |
7. Review and Responsibility
| Topic | Details |
|---|---|
| Peer review of data | Data sets are not formally peer reviewed. Authors are responsible for the soundness of their data, and errors in data rest with those who produced them. |
| Requests by reviewers | Reviewers may ask for data or materials that they need to evaluate the manuscript. |
| Errors after publication | A significant error in data that is found after publication is handled under the Correction and Retraction policy. |
| False statements | A false Data Availability Statement, or an unjustified refusal to provide data when the editors ask for it, may be handled under the Allegations of Misconduct policy. |
Related Pages and Enquiries
| Topic | Page |
|---|---|
| Preparing a manuscript and citing data | Manuscript Preparation |
| Protection of participants and confidentiality | Publication Ethics |
| Similarity and research integrity | Plagiarism and Research Integrity Policy |
| Reporting and handling misconduct | Allegations of Misconduct |
| Correcting or retracting articles | Correction and Retraction |
| License terms and third party material | Licensing |
| Use of AI tools | Generative AI Policies |









